close

既然是考古博物館,得給自己複習一下何謂青銅時代,就以維基百科的資料來看:西元前四千年在二河流域發展蘇美爾文明那時便知道利用青銅,為最早的青銅時期。而愛琴海的青銅時代於西元前3200年開始,受到埃及或是古代近東(二河流域)的影響,進而發展了自己的文化,例如提供錫及木炭給賽普勒斯,開採銅礦,治煉後再和錫製成青銅。博物館的青銅展覽區的分類有時依年代,但是有的卻是依照主題。若是參考官網上面的分類還是分成新石器時代末期:幾何時期,古樸時期,古典時期,希臘化時期和羅馬共和國時期分這些青銅文物。

◎ 青銅展示區 (Room 36-39)

IMG_4076_副本.jpg  

展廳一進來先介紹如何製作銅雕。製作青銅器有二個方式,早期是將銅做成銅條和銅片加以敲打塑形,到了西元前十七世紀,才發展鑄銅的技術,鑄銅的方式才可以量產,保存的數量比較多,而且因為銅可以再利用,所以舊的壞的銅器就會融化重新鑄造,反而早期的銅器不多見。

IMG_4075_副本.jpg  

鑄銅的方式是先做坯體然後製作模型將所需的青銅成分融化(約800度),倒入模型,取出再加以琢磨,拋光。

◎ 幾何時期

IMG_4066_副本  

左下角的八字線圈扣衣針fibula,來自馬其頓,西元前8世紀-7世紀。在Macedonia, Epirus, Central Greece 和 Peloponnese的墓園或是神殿會發現這樣的別針。

IMG_4070_副本.jpg

左圖超可愛的銅雕,年代為西元前700年,出自於色薩利Thessaly的Karditsa。後面揹著一個八字盾牌,看起來很像翅膀一樣,這個雕像所代表的是Achilles希臘第一勇士阿基里斯。

色薩利在舊石器時代已有人類活動的痕跡。古色薩利稱作埃托利亞Aitolia(Aeolia),主要城市叫作拉里薩Larrisa,在荷馬的奧德賽裡便提到埃托利亞,為一個宗教和政治中心。

◎ 古風時期

IMG_4067_副本.jpg  

在色薩利的Kalydon的阿耳忒彌斯神廟The Sanctuary of Artemis Laphria所挖掘到的小銅雕,中間有小胸部的雕像是阿耳忒彌斯。西元前8世紀。

IMG_4073_副本.jpg  

Thessaly, Pheres
Sanctuary of Zeus Thaulios and Artemis Enodia
The sanctuary of Zeus Thaulios and Artemis Enodia at Pheres (modern Velestino) in Thessaly was a very important local sanctuary. Especially Artemis Enodia or Pheraia occupied an important place in the religious life of the lower classes.
The finds from the sanctuary cover the period the 11th to the early 4th c. BC and most of the date to the late 8th and early 7th c. BA. They are mainly vases and figurines of humans and animals (horses, roe deer etc.) The most impressive items however in terms of their numbers and variety of types are the jewellery and especially the pendants, which have a suspension hole or ring. The most characteristic of these have figures of birds, cocks, etc., set on discs or intergral openwork bases of different shapes. Many types are known not only in Thessaly, where they were local, but also in graves, are mainly part of women's accessories and adorned the neck, the breast or the belt. Largy fibulae, particulary of the type with globes on the bow, where made as votive offerings. but they were possibly worn on festive occasions as well. The dedication of pieces of jewellery to the deities was an act of great significance, since they were highly personal favourite objects.

下圖有雙雞頭的項鍊墜子是在色薩利的宙斯神廟發現,西元前8-7世紀文物。在神廟或是墓地都有發現類似的項鍊墜子,當時女性會配戴作為飾品,獻給神明或死後陪葬。 

IMG_4063_副本.jpg

Sparta Sanctuary of Athena Chalkioikos, Gorgon's head, attachment or device. Late 6th c. BC

Gorgon戈耳戈是希臘神話中三個蛇髮女怪之一,面貌可怕,人見之立即化為頑石。跟鍾馗一樣,面醜所以可以用來辟邪,戈耳戈的頭經常擺設在門、牆、盾、護胸及墓碑之上,用以辟邪。

IMG_4061_副本.jpg   

Acquisition from Andritsaina area, product of confiscation, Figurine of Hermes carrying a ram. About 550 BC.

這個小銅雕是Hermes赫耳墨斯,他是邊界及穿越邊界的旅行者之神,亦掌管牧羊人與牧牛人,辯論與靈舌,詩與文字,體育,重量與度量,發明與商業,他也是狡猾的小偷和騙子之神。

IMG_4057_副本.jpg

Βronze bust of a griffin獅鷲, from Olympia. 7th c. BC.

The bust, together with similar features, crowned the shoulder of a dedicatory cauldron. The inlaid eyes are rendered in a different material. This type of cauldron was imported from the east in the 8th cent., probably via Samos, since such cauldrons were also manufactured there in large numbers until the 7th cent. B.C. These busts were originally produced by hammering and were later produced by casting. The griffins, mythological creatures of composite nature, were thought to guard the treasures of the Arimasps, a mythical race of the north. They were later associated with the cult of the dead.

griffin獅鷲或應頭獅,擁有獅子的身體及鷹的頭、喙和翅膀。因為獅子和鷹分別稱雄於陸地和天空,鷹頭獅被認為是非常厲害的動物,負責看管金礦和暗藏的珍寶。

IMG_4056_副本.jpg  

Sanctuary of Olympia 從奧林匹亞神殿挖掘出來的銅器。

◎ 鏡子和衛生用品

IMG_4022_副本.jpg

銅鏡在西元前6世紀開始盛行,鏡柄為穿著古希臘長袍的仕女。

  IMG_4041_副本

中間是銅鏡,年代為西元前450年。Mirrors supported by female figure wearing a heavy tunic. Argive workshop. About 450 BC.
右邊是二個刮耙子,環上有大力士Herakles和獅子決鬥的雕刻。年代為西元第一世紀和第二世紀。

除了鏡子刮耙子還有耳耙子等等的銅製器具。

IMG_4039_副本.jpg

漏拍了說明牌,我完全不知道這是甚麼東西。 

◎ 關於音樂和跳舞的銅器

IMG_4047_副本.jpg

右圖:Circular dance of female figures. Eleian workshop. Possibly 9th c. BC. Sanctuary of Olympia 出自奧林匹亞神殿,年代西元前9世紀,是一群圍著圈圈跳舞的女生。左邊那是一種古樂器叫作Sistrum一種響板,是從古埃及傳過來的,是祭祀Isis女神的時候的禮器。

 ◎羅馬共和國時期

IMG_4050_副本.jpg 

IMG_4048_副本  

左上的小雕像是來自於雅典的海神波賽頓,年代是西元第二世紀。這是仿造西元前四世紀的雕刻家Lysippos of Sicyon的作品。

右上的小雕像是擲鐵餅的運動員,年代是西元前一世紀,這個也是仿古的作品,原作在羅馬國家博物館內,是Myron的作品,創作於西元前五世紀。

◎ 馬車與馬具

IMG_4032_副本.jpg

 我沒拍到說明牌,但是我覺得這個馬車上的雕刻實在很精緻,我猜這作品應該是屬於羅馬時期。

 IMG_4031_副本.jpg

IMG_4038_副本.jpg

 Soles of sandals, probably women's with thick iron nails on the periphery. After the 3rd c. BC 古代人竟然用銅當涼鞋底,而且還是女鞋,年代為西元前第三世紀。

 IMG_4078_副本.jpg  

運動員的銅雕,模仿西元前5世紀後的作品,這是仿作是在羅馬時期。

◎ 陶瓶及小物件展覽廳包含 Stathatos夫人館

Stathatos夫人館在41室,這個特別展廳裡展出有1000件,都是由Stathatos夫人和先生捐出來,主要為飾品還有一些金屬物件和陶器。年代從青銅時期中期到後拜占庭時期。裡面最重要的展示品室希臘化時期的金飾,來自於Karpenissi and Thessaly。

IMG_4080_副本.jpg

Stathatos夫人叫作 Helen Stathatos (Alexandreia 1887- Athens 1982),出生於有錢的商人家庭,後來嫁給商人Antonios Stathatos。夫人很喜歡古希臘的藝術品,所以收藏許多很有價值的骨董首飾。她很大方地把她的收藏品捐給雅典國家考古博物館,而且繼續捐贈並且與博物館合作。

左圖用金頭冠,年代為西元前四世紀後。Golden wreath with ivy leaves. End of 4th c. B.C.

IMG_4083_副本.jpg

上: Belt elaborately decorated with various flowers and fruit. between which caterpillars, bees, birds, dolphins. Gold, garnets, polychrome enamel, glass, cornelian. 2nd c. BC.

下: Belt with a Herakles knot decorated with tendrils, flowers and doves. Gold, emeralds and enamel. End of 3rd/beginning of 2nd c. BC.

IMG_4085_副本.jpg

Golden head-dress with relief protome of Artemis. From Thessaly. 3rd c. B.C. 金頭飾,上面的雕刻是阿爾忒彌斯,西元前3世紀。

IMG_4087_副本.jpg IMG_4088_副本.jpg

有春宮雕像?

IMG_4094_副本.jpg IMG_4096_副本.jpg  

 

arrow
arrow
    全站熱搜

    amandawei111 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()